不规则动词（英语动词形式）

2023-03-15 47阅读

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不规则动词

英语动词形式

不规则动词，英语动词按其过去式和过去分词的构成方式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式和过去分词由词尾加-ed构成，结尾是e时，只加d，结尾是y时，将y改为ied。而不规则动词的变化因词而异。

中文名	不规则动词
外文名	irregular verbs
语言对象	英语
特点	没有比较级

定义

英语单词中由动词原形转变为过去式和过去分词时不按词尾加“-ed”之变化规则者叫做不规则动词（irregular verbs）。

现代英语新生成的动词都归入“-ed”的规则变化，例如：

park→parked （停车——1864）

fax→faxed （以传真传送——1979）

e-mail→e-mailed （以电脑网络传送——1982）

（所附年次为最早用例出现年次——O.E.D.）

因此，不规则动词可以说都是古英语动词的不规则变化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者，所以我们今天在学习英语时绝对无法规避，也不可能规避这些不规则动词。

从英语的演变来看，不规则动词就是强势动词（strong verbs）－－即其词形变化全依其本身之语音（尤其是元音）变化来进行而不借助词尾的变化。例如：

原形	过去式	过去分词
buy（买）	bought	bought
sing（唱）	sang	sung
speak（讲）	spoke	spoken

我们学习不规则动词的时候，最有效的方法就是要针对这种词形变化的现象，了解其变化的型式，发出声音背念，使其能自然地融入我们的speaking和writing，这样才能说确实地把不规则动词学会了。

注：与强势动词相对，须借助“-ed”之词尾来进行词形变化的规则动词就叫做弱势动词（weak verbs）。

分类表

AAA型

现在式、过去式和过去分词同形，保持不变，除进行式外

词例：

动词原型	过去式	过去分词	意思
cost	cost	cost	花费
cut	cut	cut	割，切
hit	hit	hit	打
put	put	put	放下
read #	read	read	读
hurt	hurt	hurt	受伤
let	let	let	让

注：read的过去式和过去分词的读音与动词原型的读音不同。

AAB型

现在式和过去式同形

词例：

动词原型	过去式	过去分词	意思
beat	beat	beaten	打

ABA型

现在式和过去分词同形

词例：

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思
come	came	come	来到
become	became	become	变
run	ran	run	跑
overcome	overcame	overcome	征服，打败

ABB型

过去式与过去分词同形

分为以下情形：

① 在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t。

词例：

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思
burn	burnt	burnt	燃烧
learn	learned / learnt	learned / learnt	学习
mean	meant	meant	含义
hear	heard	heard	听见

② 把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”。词例：

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思
build	built	built	建筑
lend	lent	lent	借
send	sent	sent	传送
spend	spent	spent	花费

③ 其他不规则的各种变化。词例：

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思	动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思
pay	paid	paid	付钱	lay	laid	laid	下蛋
say	said	said	说	bring	brought	brought	带来
buy	bought	bought	买	fight	fought	fought	战斗
think	thought	thought	思考	sleep	slept	slept	睡觉
feel	felt	felt	感觉	keep	kept	kept	保持
sweep	swept	swept	扫	stand	stood	stood	站
understand	understood	understood	理解	win	won	won	胜利
catch	caught	caught	抓住	teach	taught	taught	教
find	found	found	发现	get	got	got	得到
hold	held	held	握	leave	left	left	离开
make	made	made	制造	meet	met	met	遇见
shoot	shot	shot	射击	dig	dug	dug	挖
smell	smelt / smelled	smelt / smelled	嗅，闻	shine	shone / shined	shone / shined	发光
sit	sat	sat	坐下	have	had	had	有

ABC型

三词不同形，分为以下情形：

① 在动词原形后加-n或-en 构成过去分词。

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思	动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思
eat	ate	eaten	吃	fall	fell	fallen	落下
give	gave	given	给	take	took	taken	拿，记录，拍摄
see	saw	seen	看见	write	wrote	written	写
ride	rode	ridden	骑	drive	drove	driven	驾驶
throw	threw	thrown	抛，扔	blow	blew	blown	吹
grow	grew	grown	生长	know	knew	known	知道
show	showed	shown	展示	draw	drew	drawn	拉，绘画，抽签

② 过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思
speak	spoke	spoken	说话
break	broke	broken	破碎
choose	chose	chosen	选择
forget	forgot	forgotten	忘记
freeze	froze	frozen	凝固

③ 把单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”变成“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。

动词原形	过去式	过去分词	意思
begin	began	begun	开始
ring	rang	rung	按铃
sing	sang	sung	唱
sink	sank	sunk	沉
swim	swam	swum	游泳
drink	drank	drunk	喝

常用荟萃

序号	不定式	过去式	过去分词
1	abide	abode, abided	abode, abided
2	arise	arose	arisen
3	awake	awoke	awaked, awoken
4	be	was	been
5	bear	bore	borne, born
6	beat	beat	beaten
7	become	became	become
8	befall	befell	befallen
9	beget	begot	begotten
10	begin	began	begun
11	behold	beheld	beheld
12	bend	bent	bent
13	bereave	bereaved, bereft	bereaved, bereft
14	beseech	besought	besought
15	beset	beset	beset
16	bet	bet, betted	bet, betted
17	betake	betook	betaken
18	bethink	bethought	bethought
19	bid	bade, bid	bidden, bid
20	bind	bound	bound
21	bite	bit	bitten, bit
22	bleed	bled	bled
23	blend	blended, blent	blended, blent
24	bless	blessed, blest	blessed, blest
25	blow	blew	blown
26	break	broke	broken
27	breed	bred	bred
28	bring	brought	brought
29	broadcast	broadcast, broadcasted	broadcast, broadcasted
30	build	built	built
31	burn	burnt, burned	burnt, burned
32	burst	burst	burst
33	buy	bought	bought
34	cast	cast	cast
35	catch	caught	caught
36	chide	chided, chid	chided, chidden
37	choose	chose	chosen
38	cleave	clove, cleft	cloven, cleft
39	cling	clung	clung
40	clothe	clothed, clad	clothed, clad
41	come	came	come
42	cost	cost	cost
43	creep	crept	crept
44	crow	crowed, crew	crowed
45	cut	cut	cut
46	dare	dared, durst	dared, durst
47	deal	dealt	dealt
48	dig	dug	dug
49	dive	dived; (US) dove	dived
50	do	did	done
51	draw	drew	drawn
52	dream	dreamt, dreamed	dreamt, dreamed
53	drink	drank	drunk
54	drive	drove	driven
55	dwell	dwelt	dwelt
56	eat	ate	eaten
57	fall	fell	fallen
58	feed	fed	fed
59	feel	felt	felt
60	fight	fought	fought
61	find	found	found
62	flee	fled	fled
63	fling	flung	flung
64	fly	flew	flown
65	forbear	forbore	forborne
66	forbid	forbade, forbad	forbidden, forbid
67	forecast	forecast, forecasted	forecast, forecasted
68	foreknow	foreknew	foreknown
69	foresee	foresaw	foreseen
70	foretell	foretold	foretold
71	forget	forgot	forgotten
72	forgive	forgave	forgiven
73	forsake	forsook	forsaken
74	forswear	forswore	forsworn
75	freeze	froze	frozen
76	gainsay	gainsaid	gainsaid
77	get	got	got; (US) gotten
78	gild	gilded, gilt	gilded, gilt
79	gird	girded, girt	girded, girt
80	give	gave	given
81	go	went	gone
82	grave	graved	graven, graved
83	grind	ground	ground
84	grow	grew	grown
85	hamstring	hamstringed, hamstrung	hamstringed , hamstrung
86	hang	hung, hanged	hung, hanged
87	have	had	had
88	hear	heard	heard
89	heave	heaved, hove	hesved, hove, hoven
90	hew	hewed	hewed, hewn
91	hide	hid	hidden, hid
92	hit	hit	hit
93	hold	held	held
94	hurt	hurt	hurt
95	inlay	inlaid	inlaid
96	keep	kept	kept
97	kneel	knelt	knelt
98	knit	knitted, knit	knitted, knit
99	know	knew	known
100	lade	laded	laden
101	lay	laid	laid
102	lead	led	led
103	lean	leant, leaned	leant, leaned
104	leap	leapt, leaped	leapt, leaped
105	learn	learnt, learned	learnt, learned
106	leave	left	left
107	lend	lent	lent
108	let	let	let
109	lie	lay	lain
110	light	lit, lighted	lit, lighted
111	lose	lost	lost
112	make	made	made
113	mean	meant	meant
114	meet	met	met
115	melt	melted	melted, molten
116	miscast	miscast	miscast
117	misdeal	misdealt	misdealt
118	misgive	misgave	misgiven
119	mislay	mislaid	mislaid
120	mislead	misled	misled
121	misspell	misspelt	misspelt
122	misspend	misspent	misspent
123	mistake	mistook	mistaken
124	misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood
125	mow	mowed	mown; mowed
126	outbid	outbid	outbid
127	outdo	outdid	outdone
128	outgo	outwent	outgone
129	outgrow	outgrew	outgrown
130	outride	outrode	outridden
131	outrun	outran	outrun
132	outshine	outshone	outshone
133	overbear	overbore	overborne
134	overcast	overcast	overcast
135	overcome	overcame	overcome
136	overdo	overdid	overdone
137	overhang	overhung	overhung
138	overhear	overheard	overheard
139	overlay	overlaid	overlaid
140	overleap	overleapt, overleaped	overleapt, overleaped
141	overlie	overlay	overlain
142	override	overrode	overridden
143	overrun	overran	overun
144	oversee	oversaw	overseen
145	overshoot	overshot	overshot
146	oversleep	overslept	overslept
147	overtake	overtook	overtaken
148	overthrow	overthrew	overthrown
149	partake	partook	partaken
150	pay	paid	paid
151	prove	proved	proved, proven
152	put	put	put
153	quit	quitted, quit	quitted, quit
154	read	read	read
155	rebind	rebound	rebound
156	rebuild	rebuilt	rebuilt
157	recast	recast	recast
158	redo	redid	redone
159	relay	relaid	relaid
160	remake	remade	remade
161	rend	rent	rent
162	repay	repaid	repaid
163	rerun	reran	rerun
164	reset	reset	reset
165	retell	retold	retold
166	rewrite	rewrote	rewritten
167	rid	red, redded	rid, ridded
168	ride	rode	ridden
169	ring	rang	rung
170	rise	rose	risen
171	rive	rived	riven, rived
172	run	ran	run
173	saw	sawed	sawn, sawed
174	say	said	said
175	see	saw	seen
176	seek	sought	sought
177	sell	sold	sold
178	send	sent	sent
179	set	set	set
180	sew	sewed	sewn, sewed
181	shake	shook	shaken
182	shave	shaved	shaved, shaven
183	shear	sheared	sheared, shorn
184	shed	shed	shed
185	shine	shone	shone
186	shoe	shod	shod
187	shoot	shot	shot
188	show	showed	shown, showed
189	shrink	shrank, shrunk	shrunk, shrunken
190	shrive	shrove, shrived	shriven, shrived
191	shut	shut	shut
192	sing	sang, sung	sung
193	sink	sank, sunk	sunk; sunken
194	sit	sat	sat
195	slay	slew	slain
196	sleep	slept	slept
197	slide	slid	slid
198	sling	slung	slung
199	slink	slunk	slunk
200	slit	slit	slit
201	smell	smelt; smelled	smelt; smelled
202	smite	smote	smitten
203	sow	sowed	sown, sowed
204	speak	spoke	spoken
205	speed	sped, speeded	sped, speeded
206	spell	spelt, spelled	spelt, spelled
207	spend	spent	spent
208	spill	spilt, spilled	spilt, spilled
209	spin	spun, span	spun
210	spit	spat, spit	spat, spit
211	spoil	spoilt, spoiled	spoilt, spoiled
212	spread	spread	spread
213	spring	sprang, sprung	sprung
214	stand	stood	stood
215	stave	staved, stove	staved, stove
216	steal	stole	stolen
217	stick	stuck	stuck
218	sting	stung	stung
219	stink	stank, stunk	stunk
220	strew	strewed	strewn, strewed
221	stride	strode	stridden, strid
222	strike	struck	struck, stricken
223	string	strung	strung
224	strive	strove	striven
225	swear	swore	sworn
226	sweep	swept	swept
227	swell	swelled	swollen, swelled
228	swim	swam	swum
229	swing	swung	swung
230	take	took	taken
231	teach	taught	taught
232	tear	tore	torn
233	tell	told	told
234	think	thought	thought
235	thrive	throve, thrived	thriven, thrived
236	throw	threw	thrown
237	thrust	thrust	thrust
238	tread	trod	trodden, trod
239	unbend	unbent	unbent
240	unbind	unbound	unbound
241	underbid	underbid	underbid, underbidden
242	undergo	underwent	undergone
243	understand	understood	understood
244	undertake	undertook	undertaken
245	undo	undid	undone
246	upset	upset	upset
247	wake	woke, waked	woken, waked
248	waylay	waylaid	waylaid
249	wear	wore	worn
250	weave	wove	woven
251	weep	wept	wept
252	win	won	won
253	wind	wound	wound
254	withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn
255	withhold	withheld	withheld
256	withstand	withstood	withstood
257	work	worked, wrought	worked, wrought
258	wring	wrung	wrung
259	write	wrote	written

识记方法

（1）原形、过去式、过去分词相同（A-A-A型）：

cast/cost/cut/hit/hurt/let/put/broadcast/burst/read/red/set/shut/spread/thrust/upset

（2）原形、过去式相同，过去分词不同（A-A-B型）：

beat/beat/beaten

（3）原形、过去分词相同，过去式不同（A-B-A型）：

come/came/come become/became/become

run/ran/run overcome/overcame/overcome

（4）原形不同，过去式，过去分词相同(A-B-B)：

1.在动词原形后加一个辅动词d或t构成过去式或过去分词。

2.把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”构成过去式或过去分词。

3.其他feel/felt/felt sleep/slept/slept

leave/left/left smell/smelt/smelt

keep/kept/kept creep/crept/crept

kneel/knelt/knelt sweep/swept/swept

spell/spelt/spelt weep/wept/wept

catch/caught/caught fight/fought/fought

teach/taught/taught think/thought/thought

stand/stood/stood lay/laid/laid

understand/understood/understood pay/paid/paid

bleed/bled/bled say/said/said

feed/fed/fed stick/stuck/stuck

lead/led/led strike/struck/struck

meet/met/met tell/told/told

learn/learnt/learnt sell/sold/sold

learn/learned/learned win/won/won

burn/burnt/burnt wind/wound/wound

burn/burned/burned have（has）/had/had

deal/dealt/dealt hear/heard/heard

mean/meant/meant lean/leant/leant

dream/dreamt/dreamt lean/ leaned/leaned

bend/bent/bent shine/shone/shone

build/built/built shoot/shot/shot

lend/lent/lent show/showed/shown，

spend/spent/spent show/showed//showed

flee/fled/fled sit/sat/sat

speed/sped/sped lose/lost/lost

speed/speeded/speeded dig/dug/dug

spit/spit/spit hold/held/held

spit/spat/spat get/got/got（AmE gotten）

bring/brought/brought find/found/found

light/lit/lit make/made/made

light/lighted/lighted buy/bought/bought

（5）现在式，过去式，过去分词都不同（A-B-C型）：

1.在动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。

2.过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。

3.变单词在重读音节中的的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）“u”（过去分词）。

drive/drove/driven blow/blew/blown

rise/rose/risen fly/flew/flown

wake woke/woken grow/grew/grown

do/did/done know/knew/known

go/went/gone throw/threw/thrown

see/saw/seen prove/proved/proven

eat/ate/eaten break/broke/broken

fall/fell/fallen choose/chose/chosen

give/gave/given freeze/froze/frozen

shake/shook/shaken speak/spoke/spoken

take/took/taken steal/stole/stolen

mistake/mistook/mistaken weave/wove/woven

forbid/forbad/forbidden begin/began/begun

forget/forgot/forgotten drink/drank/drunk

ride/rode/ridden ring/rang/rung

hide/hid/hidden sing/sang/sung

write/wrote/written sink/sank/sunk

wear/wore/worn swim/swam/swum

（6）相同动词因其过去式、过去分词有两形式而产生不同词义：

speed过去式、过去分词有两种：

sped/sped快行 speeded/speeded加速

light过去式，过去分词有两种：

lit/lit点着（表语） lighted/lighted供电，点燃的（定语）

shine过去式、过去分词有两种：

shone/shone/照耀 shined/shined擦亮

hang过去式、过去分词有两种：

hung/hung悬挂 hanged/hanged绞死

（7）drunken，stricken，sunken已转为形容词常作定语

a～ sot酒鬼 in a～manner摇摇晃晃地

（8）lie躺卧lay/lain/lying（现在分词）

lie撒谎 lied/lied/lying

lay放，下蛋laid/laid/laying

（9）come，become，overcome属不规则变化，但welcome属规则动词，其过去式、过去分词为：welcomed，welcomed

（10）fly，blow不是规则变化，但flow（流）是规则变化，过去式、过去分词为flowed，flowed.

（11） find发现 found found

found创建 founded founded

wind绕 wound wound

wound伤害 wounded wounded

see看见 saw seen

saw锯 sawed sawed

bear作“出生”，过去分词有两种：born，borne，

borne用于have之后及带有by的被动句中；

born用于be born in/on/at中。

作“出生”，以外意义，其形式为bear/bore/borne忍受。

参考资料

1.如何有效地背不规则英语动词·英语自学网

不规则动词（英语动词形式）